Do moth balls keep mice away - Keeping raccoons away with mothballs. Mothballs can keep raccoons away to some extent as raccoons seem to strongly dislike the smell that is emitted from mothballs due to the presence of naphthalene in it but this is by no means a permanent solution. In time, the smell will fail to bother the raccoons as much.

 
If you've got a few tennis balls laying around not earning their keep on the court, you can put them to work around your home. Check out some (more) novel uses for tennis balls. If.... Anime anime series

Apr 4, 2023 · Mothballs are small balls made of a chemical called naphthalene, which has a strong, pungent odor that is intended to repel mice. The idea is that if you place mothballs in areas where mice are likely to enter your home, the smell will be enough to keep them away. Dryer sheets, on the other hand, are more commonly used as fabric softeners for ... Mothballs are not extremely toxic to Raccoons since raccoons are fairly large animals, but they do exert a potent smell that raccoons dislike the smell of. Experts have suggested that mothballs and other homemade remedies can be temporary measures and will not keep raccoons away forever, they have been known to …Mothballs have a strong odor that will keep squirrels away from your home and garden. However, this doesn’t necessarily mean that you should use them since they contain harmful chemicals that are a serious risk to wildlife. Understanding how and why mothballs are dangerous for squirrels is one thing but you’re still left with the problem of ...The mice may not appreciate it, but you will in the spring. 5: Put out snap traps or poison bait if all else fails. Putting out traps should be your last line of defense. Hopefully all of the other steps you have taken will keep the …Aug 27, 2022 · The straight answer is a NO. It’s a misconception that they keep rats away. Mothballs are ineffective as rodent repellents. While naphthalene in large quantities can be a deterrent, they aren’t powerful enough to get rid of rats and mice in small amounts. Using mothballs to get rid of rats is more likely to make your home smell terrible ... Believe it or not, mice hate the smell of lemon. Essential Oils. To use lemon oil to repel mice, simply place a few drops of lemon oil on cotton balls and strategically place them around your home. This will not only give your home a fresh citrus scent but also help keep those pesky rodents away.mothballs or bobcat / fox urine crystals have no affect on mice/rats. Mothballs are a fumigant and work fine in a enclosed space at ... If you notice an infestation in an outdoor area, the mothballs will dissolve in the rain or be blown away by gusty winds which can affect other animals living outside. Mothballs are not a proven method of getting rid of mice. Keep your home pest free with simple, effective solutions. Subscribe and save! *. Learn how to keep mice away from your home with the help of mothballs. Discover the chemical composition, safety considerations, and proper application techniques for using mothballs as a mouse deterrent. Explore alternative natural options and other prevention methods to ensure a rodent-free living space.Do mothballs keep mice away? Mothballs are useful when kept in a closed container with the items you are trying to protect. However, leaving mothballs out in the open to repel rodents is a very bad idea. Mothballs are ineffective as a rodent repellent. Plus, using them in a manner not approved by the mothball label can …Jan 22, 2024 · Mothballs were specifically designed to combat moth infestations. The strong odor emitted by mothballs deters adult moths from laying eggs and prevents larvae from feeding on fabrics, such as clothes, carpets, and upholstery. Cockroaches: These resilient pests are repelled by the scent of mothballs. Mothballs – Place mothballs around your home. Rodents don't like the smell of them. If you decide to leave any of these items around your house, make sure ...Seeing a mouse in your home is certainly frightening, but homeowners know mice removal can be difficult. Read on to learn the best ways to get rid of mice. Expert Advice On Improvi...Mothballs are small balls made of a chemical called naphthalene, which has a strong, pungent odor that is intended to repel mice. The idea is that if you place mothballs in areas where mice are likely to enter your home, the smell will be enough to keep them away. Dryer sheets, on the other hand, are more …Cats will catch birds and mice, but rats? Not so much. HowStuffWorks finds out why. Advertisement Humans have tolerated the haughty demeanor of cats for at least 10,000 years, in l...Ensure the outdoor trash bin is sealed and locked tight. But don’t be tempted to put moth killer balls, flakes, crystals or bars in your attic even if it seems like there are a lot of squirrels to deal with. They will not always keep squirrels away. An air rifle shot near them will scare them away too.Mothballs work efficiently to keep insects from your clothes, but not on rats. However, they can be toxic to other pets. In addition, they can also be dangerous to humans, your garden, and the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates mothballs’ use for any reason other than to repel insects.Mothballs, as their name implies, are small balls made of deodorant and chemical insecticide used to store and preserve clothes and other valuables prone to mold or moth larvae damage. They have become used for various purposes other than the original reasons for which they were manufactured. Do moth balls keep snakes away? Place your valued clothing in airtight containers with a few mothballs. This will prevent damage to clothes while in storage. When taking a garment out of mothball storage, it needs to be thoroughly washed to get reid of any chemical residue. Remember to always wear a mask and gloves when handling mothballs. 800-837-5520. Natural mice repellents can sometimes work, but you shouldn’t depend on them. There are risks to consider with DIY solutions. Risk #1: The more time wasted on attempting to get rid of mice with natural deterrents, the more time your mice have to breed and multiply. The risk of food and water contamination also increases over ... Learn how to keep mice away from your home with the help of mothballs. Discover the chemical composition, safety considerations, and proper application techniques for using mothballs as a mouse deterrent. Explore alternative natural options and other prevention methods to ensure a rodent-free living space. Mothballs have a smell that mice and rats do not like. Hence when they are placed in a room, the mice and rats are disturbed by the scent and look to move to another spot. How to safely use mothballs to keep mice and rats away? Mothballs are cheap and easily available. Using mothballs, the right way can be like beating two birds with one stone. Spray cotton balls and place around your mower. Reapply the cotton daily. These are safe for outdoor use. Mouse-away dusts utilize white quartz granules coated with repellent oils. Sprinkle this around your lawn mower to irritate mice’s nasal passages on contact. Apply heavier along walls and entry points. With some diligence, you can ...Moths can be a common nuisance in lawns, causing damage to grass and plants. Understanding their life cycle is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. In this article, we w...Candles can be used to keep mice away by using certain scents that are unpleasant to them. Here are some steps to follow: Choose the right type of candles: … iStock. The Internet is rife with testimonials about the power of smell to keep mice out. The truth? Scent isn’t the best long-term solution for your rodent issue. Best for Urgent Service. 4.7/5. 877-868-1416 VISIT SITE. Same day service if you call before noon! Best Overall. squirrels, skunks, deer, mice, rats, and snakes, among others animals. Use mothballs pesticide products to control the pests listed on the label only! Outdoor use of mothballs is also a violation of the label. Remember mothballs are not legal for use as snake repellents! 5. Follow storage and disposal instructions on moth control pesticides. How do moth balls work: How to use moth balls in a closet or drawers. 1 ... such as repelling mice or snakes. As with learning how to use moth balls in a closet, this use of moth balls is only effective – and safe – if you seal off the area or container where you have a pest problem. ... How to repel flies: a guide to keeping flies away ... Mothballs are not extremely toxic to Raccoons since raccoons are fairly large animals, but they do exert a potent smell that raccoons dislike the smell of. Experts have suggested that mothballs and other homemade remedies can be temporary measures and will not keep raccoons away forever, they have been known to kick mothballs to the side, so ... Apart from making the mouse run away from your home, this method will also prevent the mice entering your house. 3. Moth balls. With its strong smell, moth balls work excellent to keep the mouse away from your house. You Need: Small Containers with lid – as required; Moth balls – as required; Process: Ammonia, Citrus, mothballs and predator urine ( dog, coyote, etc.) are three smells that can scare off skunks. If you use ammonia-soaked cotton balls or mothballs, be sure to keep them far away from children. Send Them Packing. Once you discover where the skunk lives, you can fill up its hole with dirt. Just be careful in spring, when the skunk ...Moth balls use fumes to kill moths and moth larvae. Learn more about moth balls and find out what the main active ingredient is in moth balls. Advertisement Clothes moths can be a ...Jan 8, 2008 ... Some people suggested placing them inside the car, while others use mothballs to surround the car or line the perimeter of the garage to create ...Aug 27, 2022 · The straight answer is a NO. It’s a misconception that they keep rats away. Mothballs are ineffective as rodent repellents. While naphthalene in large quantities can be a deterrent, they aren’t powerful enough to get rid of rats and mice in small amounts. Using mothballs to get rid of rats is more likely to make your home smell terrible ... Mothballs have zero demonstrated effectiveness. However, if you want to keep rats out of your attic, there's a GREAT repellent - home repair products! Heavy-gague steel mesh, metal flashing, and other repair materials which are resistant to rat chewing. Inspect the house to find the entry holes, and seal them shut. 100% guaranteed repellent!Scents such as peppermint oil, mothballs, pine needle spray, dryer sheets, WD-40, and Irish Spring bar soap are said to be good deterrents. Put these in your cabinets and any place you can think of where mice might be attracted. Some RVers swear that the use of rope lights keep the mice away. Another tried-and-true method is the use of steel …The straight answer is a NO. It’s a misconception that they keep rats away. Mothballs are ineffective as rodent repellents. While naphthalene in large quantities can be a deterrent, they aren’t powerful enough to get rid of rats and mice in small amounts. Using mothballs to get rid of rats is more likely to make your …Seeing a mouse in your home is certainly frightening, but homeowners know mice removal can be difficult. Read on to learn the best ways to get rid of mice. Expert Advice On Improvi...Dec 9, 2022 · Moth balls are a common household item used to repel mice, but their effectiveness is often debated. There are a few things to consider when using moth balls to keep mice away. First, moth balls are designed to repel moths, not mice. Mice are attracted to the smell of moth balls, so they may actually make the problem worse. Jan 4, 2024 · 2. Place the mothballs inside the container. Read the directions on the box to find out how much of the product you need. To be an effective deterrent against clothes moths, you need to use enough mothballs. Simply lay the mothballs on or around the clothing. [1] 3. Seal the container. Apr 10, 2023 · Honestly, the answer is yes. Mothballs have been shown to keep (most) cats away. But that doesn’t mean you should use them. Mothballs are made from potentially harmful chemicals and are only safe for use as directed on the label. They are definitely not a good idea for cat repellent. Here’s why: Table of Contents. Do Mothballs Keep Mice Away? While scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of mothballs as a mouse repellent is limited, anecdotal data suggests that some individuals have successfully used mothballs to repel mice. However, it’s worth noting that mice can eventually become accustomed to the … squirrels, skunks, deer, mice, rats, and snakes, among others animals. Use mothballs pesticide products to control the pests listed on the label only! Outdoor use of mothballs is also a violation of the label. Remember mothballs are not legal for use as snake repellents! 5. Follow storage and disposal instructions on moth control pesticides. Aug 27, 2023 · Mothballs can repel mice but only to a temporary and limited extent—they either get driven away from households but will come back at a later time when the coast is clear or relocate to safer mothball-free areas. Mice traps are more effective methods of mouse control than mothballs. I’d guess the last thing you’d want to do is lug 35 pounds of mothballs in your pack. But the simple fact is that unusual smells (even ones that repel other creatures) are far more likely to attract me than keep me away. We’re so nosy with our noses that sometimes we’re even attracted to the remnant smells left by bear spray residue.Mice use the cover of shrubs and tall grass to reach the exterior foundation of a home. Keep bushes trimmed back: Mice can use outside shrubbery for cover when trying to find access points to your …That’s why we recommend Stay Away® Rodent, which utilizes these scents to effectively keep mice away and provides continuous protection for 30 days. Placing dryer sheets around the house is another common DIY solution, however, the smells don’t last long and the results are inconsistent. The scent of another animal, such as a cat, can ...Do mothballs keep rats? People and pets can be harmed by the balls. Rats, mice and other small animals can be kept at bay with the help of mothsballs. Moths are attracted to the bright light of a mothball, and will fly away from the light if they are too close to it. If you see a mothball in your garden, it is best to leave it alone until it dies. Mothballs do not repel mice, and they can be harmful to children and pets if ingested. Additionally, prolonged exposure to mothballs can cause a variety of health risks in humans. Moths are smart enough to avoid mothballs, so they are not an effective way to get rid of them. Mothballs also have some signs of side effects. Mar 5, 2024 · tb1234. Put a blob of peanut butter on the spoon and set the spoon on a counter, hanging out over the bucket. As the rat climbs the spoon to eat the peanut butter bait, the spoon and rat both fall into the bucket. After releasing the rat far from your home, repeat each night to relocate any rats not deterred by mothballs. Nov 15, 2022 · For these reasons, mothballs should never be used for anything other than their intended purpose. Luckily, there are several safer alternatives to mothballs that are effective at curbing rodent infestations. 5 Natural Alternatives to Mothballs 1. Essential Oils. Mice have an extremely keen sense of smell, allowing them to detect potential food ... Do Moth Balls Repel Mice? Mousetrap MondayDo You Have A Mouse Problem? I invented The World's Greatest Mouse Trap - The Dizzy DunkerPurchase on Amazon: http... 800-837-5520. Natural mice repellents can sometimes work, but you shouldn’t depend on them. There are risks to consider with DIY solutions. Risk #1: The more time wasted on attempting to get rid of mice with natural deterrents, the more time your mice have to breed and multiply. The risk of food and water contamination also increases over ... Nov 15, 2014 · To get rid of mice, you need to take one or preferably both of these away. Seal up food sources. Make sure your home is *very* clean. Any of the smallest crumbs on the ground or in the back of the cabinet are sufficient for mice to survive on. Set traps to make the area inhospitable for mice. While mothballs are often used to keep away moths indoors, you can also use them as a deterrent for outdoor pests. Although mothballs can be very effective, they may not be your best option for a squirrel repellant. Mothballs are toxic and can be dangerous to children and pets. If you’re thinking about using mothballs as a …6) Keep your garage or shed clean and organized. Keeping these areas clean and organized is essential if you store your car in a garage or shed. A cluttered space is more likely to attract squirrels, as they’re looking for a place to hide or build a nest. So be sure to sweep and vacuum regularly and store food items in sealed containers.Place 4-5 mothballs inside a sock or any cloth piece and place them in mice-infested areas. 10. Bay Leaves. This natural repellent can work wonderfully for the pantry. Just crush a few leaves and place them on the …May 30, 2017 · Many people still use mothballs around their home to try to keep snakes away. However, studies have shown that mothballs are not effective for this purpose. Do Mothballs Keep Snakes Away? No. “Don’t believe everything you read on the internet!”, says Kathy Mayo, RN and Certified Specialist in Poison Information at the Blue Ridge Poison ... Moth balls don't work either.I had a mouse chew up a towel in a boat compartment that was partialy on the moth balls.Oct 21, 2016 ... Does it work? No. Mothballs are believed to be a natural rodent repellent because they contain naphthalene, which when inhaled or ingested can ... Mothballs are not extremely toxic to Raccoons since raccoons are fairly large animals, but they do exert a potent smell that raccoons dislike the smell of. Experts have suggested that mothballs and other homemade remedies can be temporary measures and will not keep raccoons away forever, they have been known to kick mothballs to the side, so ... Mothballs have a smell that mice and rats do not like. Hence when they are placed in a room, the mice and rats are disturbed by the scent and look to move to another spot. How to safely use mothballs to keep mice and rats away? Mothballs are cheap and easily available. Using mothballs, the right way can be like beating two birds with one stone. How to Use Peppermint to Keep Mice Away. Although natural remedies aren’t always the answer when getting rid of pests (like using cucumbers to get rid of cockroaches, along with many other methods that don’t kill cockroaches), peppermint offers a successful natural remedy that works when trying to repel …Do Mothballs Keep Mice Away? While scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of mothballs as a mouse repellent is limited, anecdotal data suggests that some individuals have successfully used mothballs to repel mice. However, it’s worth noting that mice can eventually become accustomed to the …Goldenrods with Gall - Goldenrods with gall hold a special insect surprise inside. Find out what it is in this insect experiment. Advertisement What is inside goldenrods with gall?... The smell of moth balls will help keep mice away from your space. However, the smell may repel more than just mice, it might repel guests as well. Since the smell of moth balls is so strong and unpleasant, it is best used in spaces where guests aren’t active, such as barns and garages. Do Moth Balls Keep Mice Away. Credit: Reference.com. It is widely assumed that mothsballs repel mice and rats. A mothball contains a trace amount of naphthalene, which can deter mice and rodents, but it …We are going to talk about the variations of cedar and see if they can keep away mice. Cedar balls: According to experts, cedar balls can be used to repel mice. But there are some preconditions the cedar balls need to meet. ... It is believed by experts that mothballs are capable of keeping away mice. The mothballs will have to be put at the ...Mice are simultaneously cute and some of the most horrendous pests of all time. If you’re dealing with a minor infestation, these tips will help you reclaim your castle from the en...The naphthalene in mothballs will probably keep mice away, but because it is a fumigant, it is not recommended to use for controlling mice. Consider using di...Aug 16, 2021 ... When parked for a while we've put a boxful of mothballs in a mesh bag and hung it in our engine compartment of the motorhome to keep pack rats ...Having mice in your oven is a hassle, but there are ways to shoo them away for good. If you find yourself unwillingly hosting scratchy, scurrying vermin in your kitchen—and you’re ...You can use this trait to your advantage to repel and prevent moths from nesting by utilizing fragrant herbal smells like lavender, cedar, mint essential oils, cloves, thyme, or rosemary. Whether you have an existing infestation or you want to discourage moths before they even get started, then keep reading.Dec 2, 2009 · 4. Mothballs. “The ultimate prevention to mice invasion, or any other rodent invasion, is the good, old-fashioned mothball. By the first of summer the mothballs are gone. By opening up the car and taking a few rides, the smell is gone as well.”. “This is the second winter I’ve tried Bounce, in the car and under the hood. Nov 8, 2000 ... Dont use moth *****, the smell will stick around forever! For the interior, throw some Bounce fabric softener sheets in different areas.Yes, moth balls keep snakes away. The main reason behind it is its smell. The active ingredient in mothballs is naphthalene, which has a smell that irritates snakes. This smell is the primary reason why mothballs annoy and drive away snakes. The smell of mothballs keeps snakes away from your home. The smell proves to be …Honestly, the answer is yes. Mothballs have been shown to keep (most) cats away. But that doesn’t mean you should use them. Mothballs are made from potentially harmful chemicals and are only safe for use as directed on the label. They are definitely not a good idea for cat repellent. Here’s why: Table of Contents.Mothballs Uses. Usually, mothballs are stored in airtight bags that are made of a non-reactive plastic like polypropylene or polyethylene. In order to be as effective as possible, the clothing protected by the mothballs should also be enclosed in a sealed plastic bag. Otherwise, the vapors will escape and lose their strength.Do mothballs keep squirrels away? Yes, but it is ineffective. We will be discussing using mothballs to get rid of squirrels in the attic and other sections of your home. Apart from the damage caused by squirrels, these rodents can also transmit diseases ranging from rabies, tularemia, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and Lyme disease.Moth balls emit a strong smell that repels centipedes, making them an effective way to keep your home centipede -free. Because moths lay their eggs in closets, attics, and basements, they consume natural fibers, so when they breathe in mothballs, their eggs and larvae die. In an airtight container or garment bag, such as one with a garment ...Jan 15, 2024 ... Does Peppermint Oil Repel Mice? · The short answer is it may help, but the effectiveness of using peppermint essential oil to repel mice is ...Ensure the outdoor trash bin is sealed and locked tight. But don’t be tempted to put moth killer balls, flakes, crystals or bars in your attic even if it seems like there are a lot of squirrels to deal with. They will not always keep squirrels away. An air rifle shot near them will scare them away too.Jul 21, 2023 · As a result, finding effective methods to keep mice away is a priority for many individuals. One method that is often suggested is the use of moth balls. This article aims to explore the effectiveness of moth balls as a mouse deterrent, while also discussing potential risks and safety concerns associated with using them. Containing naphthalene, moth balls are a common item used in attics and basements to keep pests -- such as snakes, moths and mice -- at bay. Unfortunately, moth balls are dangerous and, according to The Environmental Protection Agency, are a "persistent, bio accumulative and toxic chemical" that can cause serious and deadly side effects.Moth balls do work as an excellent pest repellent. What do mothballs keep away? The really cool thing about mothballs is that they can be used to keep away squirrels, skunks, deer, mice, rats, and snakes from entering your home. So, you can use mothballs as a way to protect yourself and your home from all sorts of different pests if they are ...Moths are beautiful creatures that often go unnoticed during the day, but they can become a nuisance when they invade your lawn. These pests can cause significant damage to your gr...Mothballs are somewhat effective at repelling rats, mice, squirrels, bats, snakes, or other wildlife in outdoor areas. However, mothballs may contaminate soil and water and their … Yes, moth balls keep snakes away. The main reason behind it is its smell. The active ingredient in mothballs is naphthalene, which has a smell that irritates snakes. This smell is the primary reason why mothballs annoy and drive away snakes. The smell of mothballs keeps snakes away from your home. The smell proves to be very annoying and it ... Do moth balls repel mice? One common question I hear is: do moth balls repel mice? In short, yes. The smell of moth balls will help keep mice away from your space. However, the smell may repel more than just mice, it might repel guests as well. Since the smell of moth balls is so strong and unpleasant, it is best used in …The mice may not appreciate it, but you will in the spring. 5: Put out snap traps or poison bait if all else fails. Putting out traps should be your last line of defense. Hopefully all of the other steps you have taken will keep the …Do Moth Balls Repel Mice? Mousetrap MondayDo You Have A Mouse Problem? I invented The World's Greatest Mouse Trap - The Dizzy DunkerPurchase on Amazon: http...Rat Rod Parts - Rat rod parts are usually cast-offs or found parts. Learn how rat roddists build cars from junkyard rat rod parts. Advertisement ­ One of the major draws of rat rod...

The smell of moth balls will help keep mice away from your space. However, the smell may repel more than just mice, it might repel guests as well. Since the smell of moth balls is so strong and unpleasant, it is best used in spaces where guests aren’t active, such as barns and garages. . Mai tai recipe

do moth balls keep mice away

Spray cotton balls and place around your mower. Reapply the cotton daily. These are safe for outdoor use. Mouse-away dusts utilize white quartz granules coated with repellent oils. Sprinkle this around your lawn mower to irritate mice’s nasal passages on contact. Apply heavier along walls and entry points. With some diligence, you can ...Natural Repellents: Ingredients like peppermint oil, clove oil and even chili powder can serve as a natural mouse repellent. These are often less potent but safer for use in homes with pets or children. Ultrasonic Repellents: These devices emit high-frequency sounds that are intolerable to mice but inaudible to humans.Mothballs were specifically designed to combat moth infestations. The strong odor emitted by mothballs deters adult moths from laying eggs and prevents larvae from feeding on fabrics, such as clothes, carpets, and upholstery. Cockroaches: These resilient pests are repelled by the scent of mothballs.Place 4-5 mothballs inside a sock or any cloth piece and place them in mice-infested areas. 10. Bay Leaves. This natural repellent can work wonderfully for the pantry. Just crush a few leaves and place them on the …Step 4: Seal the openings. To fill up holes and seal cracks, begin by covering the most common entry point. Install caps on chimneys and vents, and add screens to windows. Repair any holes in ...The simple answer is no, this is not an effective form of rodent control. What is worse is that instead of being a useful tool, mothballs might even create even bigger …Mothballs are not an effective solution for repelling mice in your home, as they are toxic to both mice and humans. They can also pose environmental concerns and …Nov 15, 2022 · For these reasons, mothballs should never be used for anything other than their intended purpose. Luckily, there are several safer alternatives to mothballs that are effective at curbing rodent infestations. 5 Natural Alternatives to Mothballs 1. Essential Oils. Mice have an extremely keen sense of smell, allowing them to detect potential food ... Lights keep mice away from an RV. Typically, the less noticeable a mouse is, the longer its lifespan. So, darkness is often the best friend of mice. ... Dryer sheets, mothballs, and essential oils. Dryer sheets smell pleasant and offer enough of a deterrent that many mice will stay away. However, dryer sheets wear out and then can be used for ...Mothballs have zero demonstrated effectiveness. However, if you want to keep rats out of your attic, there's a GREAT repellent - home repair products! Heavy-gague steel mesh, metal flashing, and other repair materials which are resistant to rat chewing. Inspect the house to find the entry holes, and seal them shut. 100% guaranteed repellent!Do mice are kept away by moth balls? It was thought that putting mothballs near a mouse nest will help you get rid of your rodent problem. Mothballs contain a small amount of naphthalene. It’s enough to repel moths and other insects, but it’s not a problem for mice.Whether it’s along your baseboards or around an entry door or wind, wiping down these surfaces with a dryer sheet or two will leave a lingering scent still detectable by mice to keep them away. Rubbing dryer sheet along edges of wall. Rubbing dryer sheet underneath door. Examples of where to rub dryer sheets..

Popular Topics